The last of the three verbals, gerunds usually end up being a snap for my students. Like infinitives and participles, they are also made from verbs. These ones, however, always end in –ing and perform noun jobs in sentences.  

Let’s put this in context with a few examples. Be sure to download the grammar memorization questions as a cross-reference. And don’t hesitate to jump through the other lessons for review. They are all linked in the introduction to this series through the table of contents.

SAMPLE LESSON

Here are a few examples of the various noun jobs gerunds can use in sentences.

Hopefully, you immediately recognized this sentence as a pattern five (SN LV PrN). Just in case, let’s review the script we would follow if we were classifying the sentence.

What was sinking ships?—pastime (SN)

What is being said about pastime?—pastime was (LV)

Was what?—sinking ships

Does sinking ships mean the same thing as pastime?—yes (PrN)

Since we have a predicate noun phrase that begins with a noun made from a verb that ends in –ing, we can label the whole phrase gerund predicate noun—(GPrN)

Our next sentence is simply the reverse of our first one.

Now, “sinking ships” is the gerund subject noun phrase, and “pastime” is the predicate noun.

Gerunds can also be used for objects of the preposition, first introduced in this lesson.

The prepositional phrase is “for sinking ships.”

Here is the script for that phrase.

For?—preposition (P)

For what?—sinking ships (OP)

Once again, we would go back and add gerund (G) in front of object of the preposition (OP) because “sinking ships” begins with a noun made from a verb that ends in –ing. So the full label would be GOP.

Gerunds can also be used as direct objects.

The script for a pattern two sentence (SN V-t DO) should also be familiar.

Who liked sinking ships?—Elizabeth (SN)

What is being said about Elizabeth?—Elizabeth liked (V-t)

Liked what?—sinking ships (DO)

Since we have a direct object phrase, “sinking ships,” that begins with a noun made from a verb that ends in –ing, we can label the whole phrase gerund direct object–(GDO)

Another common use for gerunds is as object complement nouns found in pattern six sentence (SN V-t DO OCN).

The script for the core parts looks like this.

Who considered Elizabeth’s hobby unfair fighting?—Spain (SN)

What is being said about Spain?—Spain considered (V-t)

Considered what?—hobby (DO)

Considered hobby what?—fighting 

Does fighting mean the same thing as hobby?—yes (OCN)

Since we have an object complement noun phrase, “unfair fighting,” that begins with a noun made from a verb that ends in –ing, we can label the whole phrase gerund object complement noun–(GOCN)

Now for the diagrams.

As you can see, the gerund is placed on a series of lines that looks like a stairwell. I like to think of the gerund as “running” up and down the steps with one floor being for nouns and the other for verbs. Since gerunds are neither, they are kind of stuck in between.

Lastly, the pedestal is somewhat optional. I tend to use it when the gerund has modifiers since it spreads out the words and affords plenty of space. Otherwise, the diagram can look squished and messy.

PRACTICE SENTENCES

Ever since Queen Elizabeth turned down King Philip II of Spain’s marriage proposal, their relationship soured along with that of their respective states. Spain, the more dominant power, sought to advance itself ever further at the expense of England.

Elizabeth, knowing her country’s disadvantage but unwilling to cower, came up with a clever plan to wage secret naval warfare on Spain. She enlisted the help of William Drake, a “sea dog” or pirate of sorts, to attack and sink Spain’s ships in nearby English waters. The strained relationship between the two countries eventually came to a head, with Spain attempting to invade England in 1588.

We’ll use the story of that invasion for our practice sentences on gerunds. As always, we’ll mix in a variety of sentence patterns and other verbals.

Indeed, it cemented England as the rising power in Europe. Her preemptive strikes on Spain and her resolve to stand with her men at Tilbury were critical to the victory, which ultimately changed the course of Europe’s balance of power.

England had arrived, so to speak, and it was led by a woman. Like her or not, Elizabeth was a champion for her country and dramatically changed the world.